Realism

Realism

This philosophy believes in things we see and perceive are real and knowledge acquired through senses is true.

According to Butter, 'realism is the reinforcement of our common acceptance of the world, as it appears to us'. 

Forms of realism

Humanistic realism

It believes that only education can bring out human welfare and success. It recommends liberal education by giving significance to religious, social and moral values.

Social realism

It proposes an education system which helps the child to attain real knowledge through senses, will make the human life happy and successful through fulfilling the needs of the society.

Sense realism

It believes in knowledge which receives through senses, not from words. The education should adopt real and effective methods to teach children instead of artificial techniques. This philosophical education includes scientific subjects, nature-related subjects, practical education, and research.

Neo-realism

It believes in science and inclined towards true knowledge which is verified by senses and experiments.

Principles of realism

1. Real things are true
2. It accepts sensory experiences as real
3. Man is a physical being controlled by rules and laws
4. True knowledge can be verified by senses and experiments
5. It supports physical science in education for acquiring knowledge

Pragmatism and its educational implications

Pragmatism and its educational implications
Pragmatism considers learner as a growing biological and social being ready to adjust environmental needs.The aim of pragmatism is to prepare the child to face problems and solve it. It is against to give education to the child in a ready-made form but to encourage to learn through active interaction with learning situation.
Pragmatism and aims of education

1. Overall development of the child-It includes physical, emotional, intellectual, social, spiritual and aesthetic development. This way of development will prepare the child to face problems in life.
2. Lifelong experience- It can be provided only by reconstructing the experiences according to the capacity, interest, and needs of the child.
3. Social citizen- It believes in democracy, flexibility, social efficiency and active participation in changing social order is the dimensions to grow a child as a social citizen. 

Pragmatism and curriculum

1. The principle of utility- The pragmatism chooses the subjects like language, physical training, science, history, geography, and culture to develop a proper attitude to the present society and satisfy the future needs of the social environment.
2. The principle of interest- The activities of the curriculum should be interesting to the child to develop a proper attitude and aptitude towards the society. Reading, writing, art, craftwork and outdoor experiences can be included to develop an interest in the child.
3. The principle of experience- The students should achieve experience from classrooms, laboratories, and libraries during their learning period. The pragmatism also supports co-curricular activities to prepare the students as social citizens.
4. The principle of integration-It considers knowledge as one unit, not as separate entities. In order to transfer knowledge to a student, it should be treated as a single entity.

Pragmatism and methods of teaching

Pragmatism recommends a participatory approach, in which students are allowed to participate actively in the teaching-learning process. It includes practical work, discussion, role play, demonstrations, experiments and outdoor activities to teach the students. It supports

• progressive learning- Method of teaching should be growth and practically oriented in order to equip the challenges in the life.
• learning by doing- It supports real-life experience and experimental activities to learn.
• integration- Knowledge is considered as a 'whole', not separate entities.

Pragmatism and discipline

It believes in social discipline. Co-operative activities may help the child to develop mutual interest, initiative, and consideration for others.

Pragmatism and teacher

The teacher acts as a friend, philosopher, and guide to the children. A teacher should able to maintain a relationship with the child for understanding their interests and mold them to grow as a social citizen.

Pragmatism

Pragmatism

This proposition is derived from idealism and naturalism. As the name suggests, it believes in action. It is also called as instrumentalism/functionalism/experimentalism.

Definition

According to Peirce, an American philosopher, Pragmatism is to 'consider the practical effects of the objects of your conception. Then, your conception of those effects is the whole of your conception of the object'. It means the results of the human activity decides its acceptance otherwise, it would be rejected.

Forms of pragmatism

1. Humanistic pragmatism: The matters which satisfies the needs and objectives of the human beings and helps in the welfare of the mankind, can be considered as true and real.
2. Experimental pragmatism: Whatever can be experimentally verified is true.
3. Biological pragmatism: The capacity of the human beings is able to survive in the environment according to his needs.

Principles of pragmatism

1. Man creates his own values
2. Truths are man-made products and experimentally proved
3. A true philosophy helps to solve problems
4. The man is able to adapt his environment according to his needs
5. Democracy is  essential to produce maximum development of the human being
6. If an idea is useful, then it is true. Otherwise, it is wrong
7. Learning by doing
8. Man is doing a course of activities, and reality is still making.

Naturalism and its implications in education

Naturalism and its implications in education
Naturalism considers the child as a gift of nature with potentialities for natural growth. The growth process must be natural and real without any interference from outside. The child should get the freedom to interact with nature in his/her own way. Make the child involve in physical activities by stimulating sensory experiences with nature.

Aims of education

1. Self-expression- Allow the child to express their ideas and views freely. The talents of the children have to be directed in right way based on the laws if nature. 
2. Self-preservation- It is the ability to respect and love yourself and then, others. It helps us to find a right direction in life. 
3. Redirection of human instincts- Naturalists believe that each human being is born with instincts and these instincts may develop improperly if they are self-directed by the child. Hence, through education, instincts of the child have to directed properly.
4. Struggle for existence- Children have to train to survive int he society to find a place to live in the environment.
5. Natural education- While educating, the teacher should consider strengths, weakness, instincts, likes and dislikes of the children.
6. Perfect individual- Education aims at developing the child into a happy, useful and mature person. 

Naturalism and curriculum

It recommends flexible curriculum and the subjects like physics, chemistry, and biology should be correlated with nature so that he can acquire natural knowledge.

Naturalism and methods of teaching

1. Learning by doing- It appreciates the direct experience of learning by doing.
2. Play- This approach facilitates interest and effort among students to learn nature.
3. Observation- Teacher allows the child to be with nature and understand the nature.
4. Experimentation- It believes in true knowledge through trials and errors.

Naturalism and discipline

It offends strict discipline. Naturalists believe that child should be allowed to face the natural consequences of his actions and thus, self-discipline would be developed. 

Naturalism and teacher

The teacher has to arrange an environment with materials required for the personal development of the child.

Naturalism

Naturalism

Naturalism is concerned with natural matters and there is no reality beyond nature. It does not allow any place for supernaturalism and spiritualism. It says that a man acts like a child in front of nature and grows well by the physical world not by spiritual world. Naturalists named the activities of mind as 'instincts'.They give importance of the scientific method of observation and evaluation. 

Definition

According to H.Joyce, naturalism is a system of which the salient characteristic is the exclusion of whatever is spiritual or indeed, whatever is transcendental of experience.  

Types of naturalism

Three forms are physical, biological and mechanical naturalism.

1. Physical naturalism: It believes that laws of nature guide the man to survive in the physical world.
2. Biological naturalism: Here, man is considered as a descendant of ape and not from God.
3. Mechanical naturalism: It considers the man as a machine, needs the training to bring him as a good citizen.

Principles of naturalism

• Child-centered education- Curriculum should be planned based on the needs of the nature to help the child to survive in the physical world. 
• Development of child's capacities- Education should help the child to stimulate his/her power to cope up with the natural development.
• Negative education- It doesn't support the forced learning of the child. It recommends a simple persuasion to initiate learning in the early childhood.
• Development of psychological level of the child- It tells us to consider individual difference while teaching lessons. A teacher should identify the individual difference in intelligence, temperament and emotions should be identified and taken into account while implementing the educative process.
• Teacher as a guide- It takes an opposite stand on passive learning. Here, the teacher has to arrange an environment for learning and invite the students to actively participating to learn the lessons. The teacher should teach the students regarding the importance of love and sympathy in life.

Idealism and its implications in education

Idealism and its implications in education

An idealist believes that student as an individual with inner potentialities and education should help the student to develop inner potentialities. It should help the child to acquire higher ideas and values, thus he is able to lead a fruitful life in the society. 

Role of idealism in aims of education 

• Realization of self- Idealism helps the child to acquire knowledge regarding self and role in society. Self-realization nurtures inner potentialities to the maximum level and helps to find a place to flourish the world. It is a prerequisite for a dedicated and successful living.
• Achievement of personality- It aims to build a healthy personality, which is very adjusting with the environment.
• Value-based education- The child should be educated irrespective of caste, creed, color and social status. Education should teach them what is right and wrong.
• Survival of man- Constructive education helps the mankind to survive by overcoming challenges and help others to live in the society. 
• Conservation of tradition and culture- Culture is essential for the development of human abilities and helps the child to be aware of various cultures and importance of transmission to future generations.
• Cultivating moral values- It is very essential to include moral science in the school curriculum, as it helps the child to lead a problem-free life in the society.
• Spiritual life- Education should help the child to lead a spiritual life so that he will be able to respect the spiritual worth and dignity if other people.

Idealism and curriculum

The idealistic curriculum aims the overall development of the child.  It assists the child to develop morally, aesthetically, intellectually and physically through subjects like extracurricular activities embedded in ideal values.

Idealism and methods of education

It supports 'Kindergarten' modeled education. It believes that school is a garden, a teacher is a gardener and students as plants intended to grow very well. Questioning, lecturing, and discussion methods are used as the method of education.

Idealism and discipline

It recommends strict discipline for the overall development of the child. It believes that only idealist mind can attain moral values of life. 

Idealism and teacher 

It recommends teacher as a philosopher and guide to the students. Role of teacher is to inspire students to attain higher values and be a role model to them.   

Idealism

Idealism

The word 'iden' means 'to see'. Plato is the father of the idealism. He believes that man is a combination of spiritual and material aspects, in which spiritual aspect is more important and dominant than anything. An idealist gives importance to mind and self, rather than matter and body. This philosophy gives importance to the development of personality by inculcating moral and cultural values in human life. 

Principles of idealism

Idealists put forward the principles to validate their viewpoints:

1. Presence of universal mind: Idealism symbolizes universal mind as the god. It believes that all knowledge and the human mind is created by God. Being a human creature, the ultimate aim of human is the realization of the god. It holds the fact that we have to thank God for giving a chance to live in this world and must seek God's blessings for a smooth and successful living. 
2. Man is a spiritual being: According to idealism, man is a combination of spiritual and mental aspects rather than materialistic matters. They believe that spiritual aspects of man make him distinct from other animals. 
3. Superior ideas and values: These are truth, goodness, and glory of God. Attainment of these values only happens through the realization of God. This principle is an antidote to many problems exist among human as a result of modernization and technology. This principle tells us to lead a happy and blessed life in the society by attaining higher ideas and values with the God.
4. Knowledge and mind: The real knowledge is perceived in mind. It is valid more than the knowledge attains through senses. This principle questions the validity of materialistic theories and related skills.

Different areas of educational philosophy

Different areas of educational philosophy

Philosophy guides the education in search of wisdom and truth. Philosophy influences the education in different areas like aims, development of curriculum, methods of teaching, discipline and role of teachers. It serves the education in an attempt to meet the challenges faced by the education system. 

Main areas of educational philosophy are:

1. Philosophy and aims of education- Philosophy supports education with providing knowledge and skill to lead a life in the society. It prepares the education to help the child to earn a livelihood.
2. Philosophy and curriculum- Curriculum is the sum of all the activities and experiences provided by the school to achieve the aims of education. The contents of the curriculum are determined by the nature of philosophies.
3. Philosophy and method of teaching- Methods of teaching helps the teacher to conduct teaching activity to be purpose-oriented and student-friendly by maintaining the link between the subject matter and the student. Based on the type of philosophy, teaching methods are very useful tools to prepare future citizens of the society.
4. Philosophy and teacher- Teacher plays a significant role in applying philosophy in the education system. A talented teacher should be oriented to the philosophy and apply this in the thinking process and teaching activities.
5. Philosophy and discipline-Discipline is the conduct of the pupil and most of the philosophers expressed their interest to bring out discipline among the students. Philosophy determines the nature and types of the discipline.

Philosophy and education

 Philosophy and education

The word philosophy has been derived from Greek word means 'love and wisdom'. It is a science of truth finding. It helps us to find relationships in the knowledge. It helps us to find a value of life and lead a truthful life, which brings happiness to life. In a simple way, one can say that philosophy is the values and beliefs every individual has in their life.

Definition

According to Edgar.S.Brightman, a philosopher, and theologian, 'philosophy is an attempt to think truly about human experience or to make out whole experience intelligible'. This definition correlates philosophy to a process of thinking and explains the rationale behind the human experiences. It shows the need of philosophy in education for a better understanding of knowledge to lead a fruitful life in the society. 

The philosophy has five branches;

1. Epistemology- Deals with origin and source of knowledge
2. Logic- Studies on relationships of knowledge
3. Metaphysics- Deals with true nature of things
4. Aesthetics- Studies about beauty and harmony of life
5. Axiology- Studies of morality in life

Education is a planned and purposeful activity with a standardized set of objectives, with an aim of behavioral modification of the learner.  To bring out behavioral modification of the learner, we have to formulate a set of objectives based on values, ideas, beliefs, attitudes and social needs. Thus, philosophy directs education to prepare, revise and implement objectives. Philosophy is abstract in nature and guides educationists to select a valid and fruitful knowledge for the students. It helps to determine the nature of the educative process, nature of the learner and nature of student and teacher relationships.

Current trends in nursing education

Definition

Nursing education is a professional education which is consciously and systematically planned and implemented through a discipline and aims the harmonious development of physical, intellectual, emotional, spiritual and aesthetic abilities of the student in order to render professional nursing care to individuals of any age in the most ideal way.

Current trends in nursing education are:

1. Flexible curriculum: Curriculum should be competent, have a better outcome with complete student participation. It facilitates educational opportunities and overcomes barriers of distance and time.
2. Innovations:  Faculty of nursing should encourage and support innovations in teaching and learning, thus, it helps to improve quality of nursing.
3. Quality assurance: Quality assurance is a process of monitoring and evaluation of effectiveness and efficiency of education delivering to nursing students. It is high time to develop a grading system of nursing colleges based on infrastructure, faculty profile and percentage of student grades.
4. Supporting technology: Technology exerts a great influence on nursing education throughout the planning, implementing and evaluation of it.
5.  High-tech high-touch approach: This approach in nursing care helps the students to deliver patient care with the help of technology cum human touch.
6. Specialized courses in nursing: There are many specialized courses evolved to produce specialized nurses to meet the unexpected demands of the society. 
7. Research: Research in nursing plays a pivotal role to target evidence-based approach in patient care, education and management too. 

Job Satisfaction among Community Health Nurses

Job Satisfaction among Community Health Nurses

Abstract

Introduction: The job dissatisfaction leads to critical shortage of man power in health care in many countries and the employee turn over is increasing day by day in public health sector. There are some other factors such as gender discrimination, Job dissatisfaction, exploitation of women employees as they are the majority, low basic pay, poor working conditions, work load, extended working hours etc increase the rate job dissatisfaction. Keeping these issues in mind, the investigators conducted a study to assess the job dissatisfaction among community health nurses in community health nursing department, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India. Methodology: A quantitative approach using descriptive design was used to assess the job satisfaction among community health nurses. The study population consist of 30 community health nurses who are working in Community Health Nursing Department. The tool consisted of demographic data and 20 items which covers the dimensions of nature of job and salary. The descriptive and inferential statistics was used to assess the association between two variables. Results: It is showed that the majority of the community health nurses 66.7% were less than 25 years of age. Among them, 96.7% of the community health nurses were females and 3.3% of them were males. It is showed that 86.7% of the community health nurses are satisfied with their work and 66.7% of them are satisfied with their payment. It is reported that 93.3% of them are satisfied with the quality of professional life with the patients in the community. There is no significant association between the job satisfaction and socio demographic variables of community health nurses in the present study. Conclusion: This study results helps the nurse administrators to focus on determinants of job satisfaction which helps to improve organizational structure, enhance job satisfaction, retain and attract the public health nurse workforce to deliver health care services in the community. 

Keywords: Job satisfaction, public health nurse, community health nurse, job security.
Cite: Ponnambily Jobin, Vathsala Sadan. Job Satisfaction among Community Health Nurses. Int. J. Adv. Nur. Management. 2017; 5(3): 191-194. 

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Aims of nursing education

Definition

Nursing education is a professional education which is consciously and systematically planned and implemented through a discipline and aims the harmonious development of physical, intellectual, emotional, spiritual and aesthetic abilities of the student in order to render professional nursing care to people of all ages in the best possible manner.

Aims of nursing education

• Aims the harmonious development of physical, intellectual, emotional, spiritual and aesthetic abilities of the student in order to render professional nursing care
• Helping a student to lead a successful professional and personal life
• Inculcating right attitude towards nursing care 
• Instilling technology based knowledge and skills to provide patient care
• Emphasis on high tech high touch approach, motivating the students to give human care with technology
• Prepare the students to lead a pro active role in society
• Helps the students to go for higher studies
• Helps the students to build a career at the international level
• Helps the student to become a useful member of the society
• Motivates the student to work for welfare of the society
• Prepares nurses for meeting the global demands 

Current trends in education

Current trends in education
Advancements in technology creates a big impact on the process of education. It affects the  development of curriculum and its implementation. Teachers have a great role to change their methods of teaching, based on the needs of the society.
Major trends are:

• focusing on development of the students
• teacher helps them to grow according to his/her abilities
• interested in the overall development of the child
• creating a participatory approach in the teaching methods between student and teacher
• not focusing on spoon feeding method of education
• based on activity centered
• focusing on learning by doing
• based on developing goals to be achieved rather than learning lessons
• focusing more on research
• teacher acts as a motivator to children to do experiments
• preparing the children to search the truth
• supporting creativity
• helping students to solve problems with community participation
• preferring technology based education
• preferring non formal education along with formal education
• focusing more on inventions
• ensuring quality assurance by keeping benchmarks of education
• conducting classes using various technology based A.V.Aids like PPTs, OHPs.
• emergence of foreign universities by offering job oriented higher studies to Indian students

Aims and functions of education

Aims and functions of education

Aims of education is mainly concerned with direction rather than speed. It stands for the goals and objectives to be achieved. Factors influencing education are philosophy of life, nature, religion, politics, socio economic status, culture and technology. It has to focus on nurturing curiosity, enhancing creativity, development of proper attitudes and cultivation of skills. 

Aims of education mainly are:

• Utilitarian aim: A child should be able to utilize the knowledge in day to day life. Knowledge should be practical oriented, not theory oriented. The child should be motivated to think and answer what, why, how and when during the education process.
• Vocational aim: Education should help the child to earn livelihood so that he can lead a productive life in the society. Standard of the job has to be enhanced through means of education.
• Social aim: Education helps the child to go with the needs of society. It assists the child to become a useful member of the society irrespective of socio economic status.Education helps in the formation of social norms and molds the child to follow them peacefully. It teaches the child about moral ways and helps him/her to take decisions in the right way.
• Intellectual aim: Education enhances the intellectual capacity of the child by teaching the principles of life with evidences.
• Citizenship:Education motivates the child to perform his/her own duties and responsibilities as a citizen, for the welfare of the society.
• Physical health and well being: Education teaches the child about different ways of healthy life and helping to develop a positive attitude towards health and well being.
• Character development: It helps to inculcate human values, attitudes and habits which are essential for building a desirable character.
• Cultural development: It helps the child to acquire in depth knowledge on culture, thus, develop respect towards various cultures of the society.
• Education as entertainment: Education should not be a boring subject in child's life. It must entertain his/her life.
• Self respect: Education helps the child to look on himself/herself and would develop respect towards them. It acts as a key for them to lead a happy social life.
• Emotional maturity: It helps the child to acquire control on emotional behavior, thus leading a productive life in the society.
• Independent life: It helps the child to have an overall development includes positive personality, good character, sound knowledge and skills.

Functions of education

1. Helps the child to distinguish between right and wrong
2. Helps to grow as a citizen by respecting the laws
3. Helps to develop social skills
4. Helps to transfer cultural heritage to future generations
5. Helps to reform positive attitudes towards the society  
6. Helps the child to meet the needs of the society
7. Gives a status in the society
8. Encourages a healthy spirit of competition
9. Trains and molds the skills of the child
10. Helps the child to meet duties and responsibilities

Education as a process

Education as a process

Education is a process of gaining knowledge, acquiring and implementing skills and attitudes to lead a productive life in the society. Success of the education depends on way of training of a child in school, home and society. It is hoped that a teacher can mold the potentials of the child to the best through the best educative process. Educative process can be divided into four: bipolar, tripolar, multipolar and moreover, lifelong process.

• Bipolar process

According to this view, education consists of two persons; teacher and student. Here, teacher imparts knowledge and student acquires it. There should be cooperation and better understanding between them. Teacher should know the level of a student and student should have interest to learn with teacher.

• Tripolar process

Education is the process of an interaction of teacher, student and society or social environment. It is necessary to consider societal changes in education. A teacher should update the technological changes, revise the curriculum accordingly to develop the students as productive and useful persons to the society.

• Multipolar process

The new concept of education is influenced by teacher, student, social environment and other several factors. The education is more flexible than past, student centered and highly depends on technology. The student can access knowledge through any modes including e-learning. However, no one could explain precisely on type of factors influenced on education. It ranges from past experiences to upcoming technologies.

• Lifelong process

Education is the process of training a man throughout life and doesn't have an end. Education, at present, aims at continuous, but changing process to achieve broader goals of society.
Characteristics of educative process

• Knowledge embedded
• Based on application of skills
• Needs revision of curriculum  based on needs and demands of society
• Purpose oriented
• Planned activity

Social burden of alcoholism among the wives of alcoholics in tribal area

Social burden of alcoholism among the wives of alcoholics in tribal area

Published in TNNMC Journal of community Health Nursing

ABSTRACT

The paper explores the social burden among wives of alcoholics in a tribal area, Tamil Nadu, India. A qualitative approach using cross sectional phenomological design was selected.Three focus groups were conducted on consecutive days of the same week with 10, 8 and 10 participants.The analysis of the focus group discussion was done by coding the key words and grouping them under various themes and sub themes. The results showed that alcohol is a social burden in families and communities. It is reported that young age, lack of proper education, child labor, peer pressure, family history and accessibility of the alcohol are the contributing factors of the alcoholism. It is showed that financial problems, not able to educate their children, loss of peace in the family and women harassment are the effects of alcoholism on family. The participants suggested preventive measures for reducing social burden on alcoholism are banning child labor, proper education, enforcing strict laws and closing of alcohol shops.
Key words: Social burden, alcoholism, burden on wives of alcoholics and alcoholism in tribal area
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Assessment of occupational safety, hazards and related health problems among quarry workers at work places in India

Assessment of occupational safety, hazards and related health problems among quarry workers at work places in India

Published in International Journal of Nursing Education and Research

ABSTRACT

Introduction: As quarry site is the dangerous place to work in and quarry workers are more likely to be killed in accidents at any time. Therefore, the investigators tried to assess the occupational safety, hazards and related health problems among the quarry workers at work places in India.

Methodology: A cross sectional survey approach was used. The study was conducted in two quarry work sites in Vellore district. The study population consisted of all 72 quarry workers, who worked in the two quarry sites and the investigators selected the subjects by using convenient sampling method. The check list consisted of demographic data and 30 items, which covers the dimensions of occupational safety, hazards and  related health problems among the quarry workers. Data collection was done for a period of two weeks. 

Results: It was showed that the majority of the quarry workers 52.8% were between the age group of 18-45 years. Among them, 76.3%  of the quarry workers were males and 23.7% of them were females. It was observed that none of them were using any of the personal protective equipments, fist aid boxes were not available and there was no ambulance facility available with in 10 kms of diameter. The quarry workers were not covered under any health insurance schemes and were not trained for quarry work such as machine operation, first aid treatment and safety measures. The majority of the workers had frequent respiratory tract infection(88.8%), back ache (65.2%), joint pain (48.8%) and sinusitis (26.3%). Regarding vision and hearing acuity, 12.5% of them had reduced visual acuity and 15.3% of them had negative Weber and Rinne test too.

Conclusion: The study results make an urgent call on authority for job redesigning, scheduling policies, implementation of strict rules and regulations, health protection programmes and insurance schemes for workers who are involved in dangerous work places such as construction sites, quarry, mining and nuclear power plants.

Key words: Quarry, Occupational hazards, Occupational safety, Occupational problems 

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Development and assessment of Adolescent Boys Stress Questionnaire (ABSQ-2015)

Development and assessment of Adolescent Boys Stress Questionnaire (ABSQ-2015)

Published in ICCR-JNR Journal

Abstract:

Aim-The study aim was to develop and assess an instrument to measure stress level among adolescent boys in relation to school, family, personal and social life.

Methods-Before administering the ABSQ-2015 to adolescent boys (N=380), experts from nursing and psychology in research, practice, tool development reviewed it twice, known as two step validation process. Reliability, construct validity assessment such as content, face, contrasting groups and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was done. Out of 26 items, 16 items were selected and loaded as three factors after EFA, deemed to be interpretable and meaningful.

Results-The assessment of ABSQ-2015 supported construct validity (0.93), reliability (0.97) and Factor analysis KMO and Bartlett's Test 0.82 (P<0.01) which is highly significant.

Conclusion-The ABSQ-2015 is found to useful psychologically and statistically to elicit the stress level among adolescent boys effectively in relation to various determinants of life.

Keywords – Adolescence, adolescent boys, Research instrument, Standardized tool, Stress questionnaire, developing tool
  

Full PDF_ABSQ-2015 

 

Concept of education

Concept of education

Education is a process of stimulating learning, acquiring knowledge, skills, values, beliefs and proper attitude. The commonly used methods are story telling, discussion, teaching, demonstration, training and research. It takes place under the guidance of teachers or educators. It carries out in formal and informal settings.

The word 'education' is derived from the latin 'educatio', which means ' a bringing up'. The another term used for education is 'Pedagogy"; pedo means child and logos means discussion.

There are two methods of education: formal and informal education. The formal education is a structured teaching learning process carried out in institutions. The formal education is divided into stages like preschool, primary school, secondary school, college or university. Informal education takes place in homes, work places or through daily interactions and shared relationships among members of society.

Definition of education

John Dewey, an American philosopher and educational reformer defines education is the development of all capacities in the individual which will enable him to control his environment and fulfill his possibilities. The role of education is to teach a person to manage one's own immediate surroundings in a productive manner. He recommends innovations in the education system helps the youngsters to grab the opportunities arising out of societal changes, so that they can fulfill the possibilities.  

According to Mahatma Gandhi, leader of the Indian independence movement against British rule, education is the all round development of child and man includes body, mind and spirit. He also states that education is a process of developing three H's: head, heart and hand. He means the development of intellectual, spiritual and physical factors in a person.

Redden, philosopher states that education is the deliberate and systematic influence exerted by the mature person upon the immature through instructions, discipline and harmonious development of physical, intellectual, aesthetic, social and spiritual powers of human being according to individual and social needs. 

To conclude, education consists of inculcating good habits, training of five senses and memory, proper development of imagination and strengthening of will to change impossible things as possible things.