Betty Newman’s system model 1972 (USA)
Betty Newman’s was born in 1924, received B.S. in Public Health Nursing and M.S. in public health from the University of California. She has practiced as bed side nurse and head of the department in various hospitals. Her contributions are lecturer, author, teacher and consultant in nursing.
The Newman’s system model was developed in 1970 with an overview of the physiological, psychological, socio cultural and developmental aspects of human beings. The model was published in 1972 in nursing research at the age of 48 years. The Newman’s system model diagram presents the major aspects such as basic structure, energy resources (physiological, psychological, socio cultural, developmental and spiritual variables), line of resistance, normal line of defense, flexible line of defense, stressors, reaction, primary, secondary and tertiary prevention, intra, inter and extra personal factors and reconstitution. The environment, health and nursing are inherent parts of the model. The client is represented in the diagram as a basic structure, surrounded by a series of concentric circles and is a living and open system.
Betty Newman’s was born in 1924, received B.S. in Public Health Nursing and M.S. in public health from the University of California. She has practiced as bed side nurse and head of the department in various hospitals. Her contributions are lecturer, author, teacher and consultant in nursing.
The Newman’s system model was developed in 1970 with an overview of the physiological, psychological, socio cultural and developmental aspects of human beings. The model was published in 1972 in nursing research at the age of 48 years. The Newman’s system model diagram presents the major aspects such as basic structure, energy resources (physiological, psychological, socio cultural, developmental and spiritual variables), line of resistance, normal line of defense, flexible line of defense, stressors, reaction, primary, secondary and tertiary prevention, intra, inter and extra personal factors and reconstitution. The environment, health and nursing are inherent parts of the model. The client is represented in the diagram as a basic structure, surrounded by a series of concentric circles and is a living and open system.
Basic structure and energy resources
It is made up of basic survival factors common to all. It includes physiological, psychological, socio cultural, developmental, genetic etc. Newman identifies system stability as occurring when the energy exchanges with the environment occur with out disrupting the characteristics of the system.
Client variables
She views the individual client considers the variables. The physiological (structure and function of the body), psychological (mental process and relationships), socio cultural (social and cultural expectations), developmental (growth and developmental) and spiritual (spiritual beliefs) variable.
Line of resistance
It protects the basic structure and become activated when the normal line of defense is invaded by environmental stressors.
Normal line of defense
It represents stability over time. When it is invaded, the client system reacts.
Flexible line of defense
It serves as a cushion and absorbs shock. It can be altered over a short period of factors such as inadequate nutrition, lack of sleep or in a danger situation.
Environment
It defines the environment as all the internal or external factors or influence that surrounds the client. The internal environment exists with in the client system and external environment exits in the outside the client system. She developed a third environment called created environment, which is intra, inter and extra personal environment.
Stressors
She classified stressors as intra, inter and extra personal in nature. Intra personal stressors are occurred with in the client system boundary, extra personal stressors occur outside the system boundary. Inter personal stressors occur outside the client system boundary but are proximal to the system.
Health
She identifies health as optimal system stability, harmony among the five variables or the optimal state of wellness at a given time.
Reaction
She discusses the reaction as negentropy and entropy.
Prevention as intervention
Primary prevention occurs before the system reacts to a stressor, includes health promotion strategies such as immunization, health education and life style changes. Secondary intervention occurs after the system reacts to a stressor. It includes appropriate treatment of symptoms. For example, use of analgesics to decrease pain. Tertiary prevention may begin at any point after system stability has begun to be reestablished. An example of tertiary prevention is participation in cardiac rehabilitation program after a cardio vascular surgery.
Reconstitution
It defined the return to and maintenance of system stability. It depends on successful mobilization of client resources to prevent further reaction to the stressors and represents a dynamic state of adjustment.
Newman also supports nursing as part of the model. The aim of nursing to help the client system attains, maintain or retain system stability. It can be achieved through assessment of actual and potential effects of stressor invasion and assist the client for optimal wellness through primary, secondary and tertiary modes of prevention.
No comments:
Post a Comment