Modeling and Role modeling Theory 1983 (USA)
The modeling and role modeling theory was developed by three nursing expertise, Helen Lorraine Erickson, Evelyn. M. Tomlin and Mary Ann Swain. The initial publication of the theory was done in 1983 with the text; Modeling and Role modeling- A theory and Paradigm for Nursing. This book presents the theory in a very formal and readable style. The basis of theory is to focus on the person receiving nursing care, not on the nurse, care and the disease. Modeling and Role modeling is an interpersonal and interactive holistic theory of nursing that requires the nurse to assess (model), plan (role model) and intervene (five aims of intervention) on the basis of the client’s perspective of the world. The nurse always acknowledges the uniqueness and individuality of the client and appreciates that individuals, at some level, know what makes them ill and what makes them well (self care knowledge). The nurse assess the individual’s ability to mobilize resources needed to contend with stressors (adaptive potential) and assists individuals to recognize and obtain resources (internal and external) that are important for their health and healing (self care resources) and facilitates the use of these resources (self care action). The nurse acknowledges the individual’s need to be dependent and independent on support system (affiliated individuation). Concepts relating to the nurse who practices with a theory base of modeling and role modeling include facilitation, nurturance and unconditional acceptance.
Modeling
It is the process used by the nurse to develop an understanding of the client’s world as the client perceives it, the way an individual thinks, communicates, feels, believes and behaves. Role modeling is the facilitation of health. It involves the individualization of care based on the client’s model of the world and is the facilitation of the individual in attending, maintaining and promoting health through purposeful intervention.
Five aims of intervention
It is based on the five principles;
The modeling and role modeling theory was developed by three nursing expertise, Helen Lorraine Erickson, Evelyn. M. Tomlin and Mary Ann Swain. The initial publication of the theory was done in 1983 with the text; Modeling and Role modeling- A theory and Paradigm for Nursing. This book presents the theory in a very formal and readable style. The basis of theory is to focus on the person receiving nursing care, not on the nurse, care and the disease. Modeling and Role modeling is an interpersonal and interactive holistic theory of nursing that requires the nurse to assess (model), plan (role model) and intervene (five aims of intervention) on the basis of the client’s perspective of the world. The nurse always acknowledges the uniqueness and individuality of the client and appreciates that individuals, at some level, know what makes them ill and what makes them well (self care knowledge). The nurse assess the individual’s ability to mobilize resources needed to contend with stressors (adaptive potential) and assists individuals to recognize and obtain resources (internal and external) that are important for their health and healing (self care resources) and facilitates the use of these resources (self care action). The nurse acknowledges the individual’s need to be dependent and independent on support system (affiliated individuation). Concepts relating to the nurse who practices with a theory base of modeling and role modeling include facilitation, nurturance and unconditional acceptance.
Modeling
It is the process used by the nurse to develop an understanding of the client’s world as the client perceives it, the way an individual thinks, communicates, feels, believes and behaves. Role modeling is the facilitation of health. It involves the individualization of care based on the client’s model of the world and is the facilitation of the individual in attending, maintaining and promoting health through purposeful intervention.
Five aims of intervention
It is based on the five principles;
- Build trust: The nursing process requires a trusting and functional relationship exists between nurse and client.
- Promote client’s positive orientation: Affiliated individuation is dependent on the individual’s perceiving that he or she is an acceptable, respectable and worthwhile human being.
- Promote client’s control: Human development is dependent on the individual’s perceiving that he or she has some control over his or her life, while concurrently sensing a state of affiliation.
- Affirms and promotes client’s strengths: There is an innate drive towards holistic health that is facilitated by consistent and systematic nurturance
- Self mutual goals that are health directed: Human growth is dependent on satisfaction of basic needs and facilitated by growth and satisfaction.
Self care
There are three aspects of self care in the modeling and role modeling theory
There are three aspects of self care in the modeling and role modeling theory
- Self care knowledge
- Self care resources
- Self care action
Self care knowledge
This is an individual’s perception of factors associated with his or her personal health problems and individual perceptions of what is needed to help him. Nursing role is to assist the clients to resolve their problems by meeting their needs.
Self care resources
All individuals have internal and external resources that will help gain, maintain and promote an optimum level of holistic health. Primary internal self care resources for each individual result from the person having successfully negotiated developmental challenges such as autonomy, hope, control, purpose and wisdom. The external self care resources are being explored include perceptions, social support and the type of resources used when ill and well.
Self care action
It is the development and use of self care knowledge and self care resources. The basis of nursing is assisting clients in self care actions related to health. Self care is modeling and role modeling is used in planning and implementing rather than for determining the need for nursing care implementation.
This is an individual’s perception of factors associated with his or her personal health problems and individual perceptions of what is needed to help him. Nursing role is to assist the clients to resolve their problems by meeting their needs.
Self care resources
All individuals have internal and external resources that will help gain, maintain and promote an optimum level of holistic health. Primary internal self care resources for each individual result from the person having successfully negotiated developmental challenges such as autonomy, hope, control, purpose and wisdom. The external self care resources are being explored include perceptions, social support and the type of resources used when ill and well.
Self care action
It is the development and use of self care knowledge and self care resources. The basis of nursing is assisting clients in self care actions related to health. Self care is modeling and role modeling is used in planning and implementing rather than for determining the need for nursing care implementation.
Additional concepts of Modeling and Role modeling Theory
- Affiliated Individuation
It is considered as motivation for human behavior. It occurs when a person perceives himself or herself as simultaneously close to separate from significant others.
- Adaptive potential
The adaptive potential assessment model (APAM) has three categories: equilibrium, arousal and impoverishment. Equilibrium has two possibilities: adaptive equilibrium and maladaptive equilibrium. Arousal and impoverishment has stress states. The model can assist the nurse in planning interventions for the client.
Nursing Metaparadigm
Person is a holistic being with interactive subsystems (biophysical, psychological, social and cognitive) and it implies that whole is greater than the sum of the parts. The environment in which people live in internal and external and includes both stressors and resources for adapting stressors. The model states health as a state of dynamic equilibrium among the various subsystems. They defined nursing is the holistic helping of persons with their self care activities in relation to their health. This is an interactive, interpersonal process that nurtures strengths to enable development, release and channeling of resources for coping with one’s circumstances and environment. The goal is to achieve a state of perceiving optimum health and contentment.
This theory suggests an interactive and interpersonal role for nursing. This has been applied to work with clients who are individuals, families and communities to empower them to direct care, based on self care knowledge, self care resources and self care actions, as the client’s perceived needs are addressed.
Nursing Metaparadigm
Person is a holistic being with interactive subsystems (biophysical, psychological, social and cognitive) and it implies that whole is greater than the sum of the parts. The environment in which people live in internal and external and includes both stressors and resources for adapting stressors. The model states health as a state of dynamic equilibrium among the various subsystems. They defined nursing is the holistic helping of persons with their self care activities in relation to their health. This is an interactive, interpersonal process that nurtures strengths to enable development, release and channeling of resources for coping with one’s circumstances and environment. The goal is to achieve a state of perceiving optimum health and contentment.
This theory suggests an interactive and interpersonal role for nursing. This has been applied to work with clients who are individuals, families and communities to empower them to direct care, based on self care knowledge, self care resources and self care actions, as the client’s perceived needs are addressed.
